It was found to be technically difficult to seed cell types onto a solid porous structure that includes inefficient static cell seeding of scaffold which causes heterogeneous cell distribution. Research studies reported that fabricated 3D printed constructs have complex geometry but lack cell distribution. To facilitate the inclusion of biological components (for example, cells, biologic cytokines, and growth hormones) into printed structures, pre- or post-processing of the material must also retain biocompatibility. The materials must be biocompatible and completely degradable for medical implants while supporting the regeneration of tissue and proper functionality over the lifespan of the device. When expanding into mechanically strong 3D imprinted structures, printable materials need to have rheological characteristics to allow extrusion and solidification. One of the biggest challenges on the subject is the creation of materials (i.e. 3DP technologies allow the customized creation of complicated multi-material implants for patient-specific geometries for medical prostheses in the field of tissue engineering. Moreover, 3DP of physiologically appropriate tissue reconstructions has already been shown to be an essential tool for surgery and prothesis. According to the research, hydrogels and porous structures are the two biomaterials types that are extensively examined for 3D printed constructs. It was suggested that 3D bioprinted constructs were required to trigger indigenous extracellular matrix. However, some researches have shown a distinct impact on cell properties such as cell migration, differentiation, and proliferation in comparison with 2D constructs. 3D bioprinted design process of human tissue structures is all more complex than the formation of natural extracellular matrix and simple cells layer. This fabrication technique has been widely used to design scaffolds or cell-laden constructs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with enhanced control properties in terms of material and cells placement in 3D technology. It is a fabrication technique that can produce 3D objects geometries and internal architectures in a regulated manner such as pore size. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) procedure was utilized to manufacture scaffolds with a novel small-scale and large-scale design. The development of engineered structures will promote sufficient transport of nutrients suitable for integration with systemic circulation, adequate mechanical support, and incorporation of multiple cell types for tissue regeneration. In recent years, many researchers have aimed to increase the functionality of tissue-engineered constructs which has shifted towards developing cell-seeded implants that support native tissues concerning anatomical geometry, cell placement, and the microenvironment of the cells. In conclusion, it would be interesting to combine different 3D printing techniques to fabricate future 3D printed constructs for several tissue engineering applications. Similarly, the utilization of 3D printing in other tissue engineering applications cannot be belittled. 3D printed constructs with growth factors (FGF-2, TGF- β1, or FGF-2/TGF- β1) enhance extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen I content, and high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content for cell growth and bone formation. This review highlights that scaffold prepared by both inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing techniques showed significant impact on cell adherence, proliferation, and differentiation as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo studies. From the overview of this article, inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing are widely used methods for fabricating 3D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review focuses on the cytocompatibility characteristics of 3D printed constructs, made from different synthetic and natural materials. In tissue engineering, 3D printing is an important tool that uses biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components to fabricate complex 3D printed constructs.
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